The Prime Minister released an order no 082 PM 9 June 2025 establishing the organization and functioning of the Framework for Negotiation of Mining Conventions in Cameroon. This represents a step forward in the development of the Cameroon mining sector. This prime ministerial order presents promising opportunities yet critical challenges for ensuring equitable mining governance remains.
Positive elements of the Prime ministerial order
Institutionalizing the negotiation process of mining conventions with the involvement of representatives of relevant ministries is a positive step. The formal creation of the negotiation framework as provided for in Article 40, paragraph 2 of the Cameroon Mining Code No. 2023/014 of 19 December 2023 offers a standardized and professional framework for negotiating mining conventions. This institutionalization could reduce the risks of discretionary decision-making and enhance transparency. The inclusion of a local representative from each commune where mining projects are situated is commendable. This marks a step toward in indirectly involving local communities’ representatives in negotiations that affect their land and livelihoods, addressing a longstanding demand by civil society for more participatory mining governance.
The multi-sectoral composition of the negotiation framework, which includes representatives from ministries responsible for mines, finance, environment, labour, and local governance, reflects a holistic approach to mining governance. By integrating diverse expertise, the decree aligns with concerns for social, economic, and environmental safeguards while the placement of the framework under the Société Nationale des Mines (SONAMINES) could centralize oversight and enhance coordination, provided that appropriate safeguards against conflicts of interest are in place.
Some Concerns
Despite these advances, there are several areas of concerns that could undermine the effectiveness and inclusiveness of the negotiation framework. The decree lacks clarity on the process by which representatives of the local council within the negotiation framework are selected. Without transparent and participatory selection mechanisms, there is a risk that these representatives may not genuinely reflect the interests of the local population. Clear guidelines need to be established to ensure democratic local council representation. The absence of civil society organizations (CSOs) who act as independent watchdogs in defending the interests of local communities is another missed opportunity to include voices with field knowledge of local realities due to their strong ties with affected communities. CSOs could, for instance, be granted formal consultative or observer status within this negotiation framework.
The restriction of the expert pool to a maximum of five individuals may limit the technical capacity of the framework, especially considering the technical complexity and diversity of mining projects. A more flexible approach to expert recruitment, responsive to project specifics, would better support informed negotiations. Moreover, the decree’s assignment of a central role to SONAMINES raises concerns about potential conflicts of interest, given its commercial status and involvement in mining operations although it is there to represent the interest of the state.
Looking forward
One of the key decisions that needs to be taken in Cameroon to ensure benefits from mining is the adoption of a model mining convention that aligns with the mining code. This will render the work of the members of the mining negotiation framework less cumbersome. If implemented effectively, this holds promise for improving the conditions under which mining projects are negotiated and benefits generated. Ensuring fairer revenue-sharing agreements, stronger local content and employment commitments, rigorous environmental and social safeguards, the negotiation framework could significantly enhance the benefits accrued to mining communities. The institutionalised inclusion of representatives from the local council may empower communities to raise concerns and influence decisions that directly affect their environment and livelihoods. This participation can strengthen local accountability and ensure that mining activities contribute to sustainable development.
In sum,the establishment of the negotiation framework for mining conventions as a positive step towards better mining governance. But there is need for reforms to ensure that the process is genuinely inclusive, transparent, and accountable. The government need to:
- Develop clear and democratic procedures for selecting local council representatives;
- Include civil society organisations and independent experts in the negotiation framework;
- Ensure public access to mining contracts and negotiation reports;
- Ensure absence of any conflicts of interest,
By addressing these issues, the decree can become a powerful instrument to protect the rights and interests of local communities, foster sustainable mining development, and contribute to equitable economic growth in Cameroon.
Chi Atanga Nixon
Project Assistant (Extractive Industries)
